什麼是供給和需求？
Demand: is concerned with the behavior of buyers
- A consumer's desire to buy a good/service while being willing and able to buy them at a specific price.
- price doesn't change demand
需求：特定市場上在一定時期內，與每一銷售價格相對應，生產者願意且能供應的商品數量。
-價格不會改變需求量。
Supply: concerned with the behavior of sellers, which include firms in the product markets and households in resources market.
-Forms produce good and services, and they supply them to product markets for sale.
供給: 只有產生對某種商品的需要，同時又有購買慾望和支付能力的情況下，才會產生需求。
-展現良好的服務，並將它們供應給產品市場以供銷售。
Market and Price 市場與價格
Ｍarket: is defined as the sum total of all the buyers and sellers in the area or region under consideration.
價格：以貨幣為表現形式，為商品、服務及資產所訂立的價值數字。
Price: A value that will purchase a finite quantity, weight, or other measures of a good or service
市場力量：企業將其價格提高到競爭水平以上，同時具有不被競爭對手的反擊競爭策略擊垮的可能能力
Market strength: can target asset classes that look to be the strongest performers or spot early signs of broad market reversals.
價格機能：指價格可以決定生產與分配的問題
Price mechanism: is the manner in which the profits of goods or services affect the supply and demand of goods and services, principally by the price elasticity of demand
Model of Supply and Demand供給和需求模型
向右上傾斜的是供給曲線，代表生產者願意在某一價格水平下出售的物品數量。
Tilting to the upper right is the supply curve, which represents the number of items the producer is willing to sell at a certain price level.
向右下傾斜的是需求曲線，代表消費者願意在某一價格水平下購買的數量。
Tilting to the lower right is the demand curve, which represents the amount that consumers are willing to buy at a certain price level.
兩條曲線交接之處（均衡點）就是均衡價格和均衡產量。
The intersection of the two curves (equalization point)is the equilibrium price and the equilibrium output.
Reason for the change in demand 需求變動的原因？
-喜好和品味 preferences and taste
-替代商品的價格 prices of substitute goods
-補充商品的價格 prices of complementary goods
-人口變化 demographic shift
-收入轉移 income shift
Example of change in demand or supply
The market for coffee 咖啡市場
For instance, you may be asked to explain the effect on the market for coffee of the severe frost experienced in Brazil just before the harvest
例如，您可能會被要求解釋在收穫前巴西經歷的嚴重霜凍咖啡市場的影響
This will ruin at least some of the year's crop in the huge coffee-growing country of Brazil. The supply curve will shift to the left, ceteris paribus, and so the price will rise and the quantity demanded/supplied will fall.
這將破壞巴西這個巨大的咖啡種植國家今年的部分作物。 在其他條件不變的情況下，供應曲線將向左移動，因此價格將上漲，需求/供應量將下降。
*The supply curves are vertical, this is true when using supply curves to explain any agricultural product in the short run.
供應曲線是垂直的。 使用供應曲線在短期內解釋任何農產品時都是如此。
Advanced knowledge 進階小知識
需求定理: 一件物品的相對價格下跌時，其需求量會上升。
＊Law of Supply: the positive causal relationship between the quantity of a good supplied over a particular time period and its price, ceteris paribus.
供給定律: 假設其他因素不變，當一件物品的相對價格上升時，其供給量會上升。
＊Individual Supply: Supply of and individual firms indicate the various quantities of good/services a firm is willing and able to produce and supply to the market for sale at different possible prices, during a particular time period. (ceteris paribus)
個人供應：供應和個體公司表明公司願意並且能夠以不同的可能價格生產和供應市場的各種數量的商品/服務，在特定的時期。(其他條件不變的情況下)
*Market Supply: Indicates the total quantities of a good that firms are willing and able to supply in the market at different possible prices, it is given by the sum of all individual supplies of that good.
市場供應：表示公司願意並且能夠以不同的價格在市場上供應的商品的總量，它由該商品的所有單獨供應的總和給出。
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