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1950's Fact Poster

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The 1950s Fact

-RCA broadcasts the first color television program on June 25, 1951.

-Sam Phillips opens the "Sun Records" record label in Memphis, TN, March 27, 1952.

-Francis Crick and James Watson discover the spiral structure of DNA on February 28, 1953, and report the findings in -Nature on April 25, 1953.

-Memphis DJ Dewey Phillips introduced radio listeners to Elvis Presley on On July 8, 1953, when he played "That's All

Right" on his "Red, Hot, and Blue show."

-Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea receives a 1953 Pulitzer Prize. In 1954, the author is awarded the Nobel

Prize in Literature.

-The USS Nautilus, the first nuclear submarine, launches on January 21, 1954.

-On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks refuses to vacate her seat aboard a Montgomery, AL, bus.

-Fred Gipson publishes the novel, Old Yeller in 1956 and receives a Newbury Honor in 1957.

-CBS debuts Leave It to Beaver on October 4, 1957.

-Brazil wins its first Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup, beating Sweden 5-2, on June

29, 1958.

-Alaska and Hawaii become the 49th and 50th states, respectively, in 1959.

-Rod Serling's Twilight Zone begins airing October 2, 1959.

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The Civil Rights Movement: was an organized effort by black Americans to end racial discrimination and gain equal rights under the law.
SCLC: is a civil rights organization founded in 1957, as an offshoot of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), which successfully staged a 381-day boycott of the Montgomery Alabama's segregated bus system.

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What is No China Extradition? Why is this controversial?

什麼是反送中運動？ 為什麼這具有爭議？



Extradition law in China-is the formal process by which a fugitive found outside China's jurisdiction is surrendered to the jurisdiction where an alleged offense has taken place for trial or punishment.

逃犯條例-是香港特別行政區政府向香港立法會提交的法律草案，目的是將嫌疑人及法律援助轉移至中國，澳門及台灣等司法管轄區。



Controversial Reason 爭議的原因

1. People may be subject to arbitrary detention, unfair trial, and torture under China's judicial system.

中國的司法制度下，人們將受到任意拘禁，不公正審判和酷刑。

2. Real Example Lam Wing Kee, a Hong Kong bookseller was abducted and detained in China in 2015 for selling books critical of Chinese leaders and charged with "operating a bookstore illegally"

香港書商林永基於2015年在中國被綁架和拘留，因為他出售批評中國領導人的書籍，並被指控“非法經營書店”。

HK Police used excessive force during the parade 香港警方在遊行期間過度使用武力

During the parade, polices beat and push people down the escalator in the subway, sexual and language violent demonstrators; besides that, the police also shooting at a close distance, cause a female permanent blind.

遊行期間，香港警察毆打和將民眾推下地鐵手扶梯，性暴力和言語侮辱示威者，甚至有一名女性遭到近距離發射子彈造成終生失明。

 

What a shame to HK? 香港不可取？

A lot of Chinese netizens and entertainers have expressed their support for the Hong Kong police because they believe that the behavior of no extradition to China is a shame. Also, they agree that Hong Kong's police use tear gas indoor and conquer shooting at a close distance.

大量中國網友和藝人紛紛發起支持香港警察的言論，認為香港反送中的行為是國恥，且認同香港警察在室內使用催淚彈和近距離使用布袋彈射擊的鎮壓行為。

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What are Supply and Demand?

什麼是供給和需求？



Demand: is concerned with the behavior of buyers

- A consumer's desire to buy a good/service while being willing and able to buy them at a specific price.

- price doesn't change demand

需求：特定市場上在一定時期內，與每一銷售價格相對應，生產者願意且能供應的商品數量。

-價格不會改變需求量。



Supply: concerned with the behavior of sellers, which include firms in the product markets and households in resources market.

-Forms produce good and services, and they supply them to product markets for sale.

供給: 只有產生對某種商品的需要，同時又有購買慾望和支付能力的情況下，才會產生需求。

-展現良好的服務，並將它們供應給產品市場以供銷售。
 

Market and Price 市場與價格

市場：具有相同需求的潛在顧客，以某種有價值的東西來換取賣主所提供的商品或服務

Ｍarket: is defined as the sum total of all the buyers and sellers in the area or region under consideration. 

價格：以貨幣為表現形式，為商品、服務及資產所訂立的價值數字。

Price: A value that will purchase a finite quantity, weight, or other measures of a good or service

市場力量：企業將其價格提高到競爭水平以上，同時具有不被競爭對手的反擊競爭策略擊垮的可能能力

Market strength: can target asset classes that look to be the strongest performers or spot early signs of broad market reversals. 

價格機能：指價格可以決定生產與分配的問題

Price mechanism: is the manner in which the profits of goods or services affect the supply and demand of goods and services, principally by the price elasticity of demand

 

 

Model of Supply and Demand供給和需求模型

向右上傾斜的是供給曲線，代表生產者願意在某一價格水平下出售的物品數量。

Tilting to the upper right is the supply curve, which represents the number of items the producer is willing to sell at a certain price level.

向右下傾斜的是需求曲線，代表消費者願意在某一價格水平下購買的數量。

Tilting to the lower right is the demand curve, which represents the amount that consumers are willing to buy at a certain price level.

兩條曲線交接之處（均衡點）就是均衡價格和均衡產量。

The intersection of the two curves (equalization point)is the equilibrium price and the equilibrium output.

 

Reason for the change in demand 需求變動的原因？

-收入 income

-喜好和品味 preferences and taste

-替代商品的價格 prices of substitute goods

-補充商品的價格 prices of complementary goods

-人口變化 demographic shift

-收入轉移 income shift

 

Example of change in demand or supply

The market for coffee 咖啡市場



For instance, you may be asked to explain the effect on the market for coffee of the severe frost experienced in Brazil just before the harvest

例如，您可能會被要求解釋在收穫前巴西經歷的嚴重霜凍咖啡市場的影響



This will ruin at least some of the year's crop in the huge coffee-growing country of Brazil. The supply curve will shift to the left, ceteris paribus, and so the price will rise and the quantity demanded/supplied will fall.

這將破壞巴西這個巨大的咖啡種植國家今年的部分作物。 在其他條件不變的情況下，供應曲線將向左移動，因此價格將上漲，需求/供應量將下降。



*The supply curves are vertical, this is true when using supply curves to explain any agricultural product in the short run. 

供應曲線是垂直的。 使用供應曲線在短期內解釋任何農產品時都是如此。

 

Advanced knowledge 進階小知識

＊Law of Demand: There is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded

需求定理: 一件物品的相對價格下跌時，其需求量會上升。

＊Law of Supply: the positive causal relationship between the quantity of a good supplied over a particular time period and its price, ceteris paribus.

供給定律: 假設其他因素不變，當一件物品的相對價格上升時，其供給量會上升。



＊Individual Supply: Supply of and individual firms indicate the various quantities of good/services a firm is willing and able to produce and supply to the market for sale at different possible prices, during a particular time period. (ceteris paribus)

個人供應：供應和個體公司表明公司願意並且能夠以不同的可能價格生產和供應市場的各種數量的商品/服務，在特定的時期。(其他條件不變的情況下)



*Market Supply: Indicates the total quantities of a good that firms are willing and able to supply in the market at different possible prices, it is given by the sum of all individual supplies of that good.

市場供應：表示公司願意並且能夠以不同的價格在市場上供應的商品的總量，它由該商品的所有單獨供應的總和給出。

 

Resources 資料來源

s-cool.co.uk/a-level/economics/supply-and-demand/revise-it/real-world-applications

wallstreetmojo.com/supply-vs-demand

blacklabellogic.com/2016/03/03/gendernomics-a-deeper-look-at-supply-and-demand

wikipedia of supply and demand

 

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賽局理論在1928年就被提出，是經濟學的一部份，但也經常運用於生活之中, 可以拿來預測他人的行為或協助自己決定策略。

有趣的是真正將它發揚光大的是約翰‧納許, 而不是當時提出的弗勒德和德雷希爾。

Game Theory is part of Economy, people use this theory often, it can help us to predict the behavior of others or decide strategy. Game theory was proposed in 1928, but the person who enhanced and glorify was John Nash.



-什麼是賽局理論？

What Is Game Theory?

賽局理論是具有競爭和對抗性質的遊戲，由兩個人以上構成。雙方有各自的利益和目標，需要透過各方面的思考以及考慮對手的各種可能，並爭取對自己最有利的方案。

game theory is the study of how people, companies or nations (referred to as agents or players) determine strategies in different situations in the face of competing strategies acted out by other agents or players.



-相關的概念有什麼？

What kind of concept is related to Game theory?



1.納什均衡 

是指在這一個均衡中，每個博弈參與人都確信，在給定其他參與人戰略決定的情況下，他選擇了最優戰略以回應對手的戰略

Nash equilibrium

Is a concept within game theory where the optimal outcome of a game is where there is no incentive to deviate from their initial strategy.



2.囚徒困境 

是指在這個困境中，囚犯們彼此合作，都拒絕說出實話，並未團隊帶來最大的利益。但因為無法溝通，也可以透過背叛增加自己的利益，縮短刑期。

Prisoner's Dilemma

Is a paradox in decision analysis in which two individuals acting in their own self-interests do not produce the optimal outcome. The typical prisoner's dilemma is set up in such a way that both parties choose to protect themselves at the expense of the other participant



3.零和博弈和非零和博弈

零和博弈是指一方的得益必然會造成另一方的損失，因而雙方對峙結果的總和永遠等如零。

相反，非零和博弈是透過合作 ( 或說互惠 ), 雙方都有所得

Zero-sum / non-zero-sum

In which choices by players can neither increase nor decrease the available resources. In zero-sum games, the total benefit to all players in the game, for every combination of strategies, always adds to zero.

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